肾脏 癌症

迹象 & 症状

In its early stages, kidney cancer usually causes no obvious signs or troublesome 症状. As a kidney tumor grows, 症状 may occur. 这些可能包括:

• 尿中带血. In some cases, blood is visible. In other instances, traces of blood are detected in a 验尿, a lab test often performed as part of a regular medical checkup.
• A lump or mass in the kidney area.

Other less common 症状 may include:

• 乏力
• 食欲不振
• 减肥
• 反复发烧
• Pain in the side that doesn't go away
• General feeling of poor health

High blood pressure or a lower than normal number of red cells in the blood (anemia) may also signal a kidney tumor. These 症状 occur less often.

诊断

To find the cause of 症状, your doctor may ask about your medical history and perform a physical exam. In addition to checking for general signs of health, your doctor may perform blood and urine tests. Your doctor also may carefully feel the abdomen for lumps or irregular masses.

Other tests that produce pictures of the kidneys and nearby organs are often recommended. These pictures can often show changes in the kidney and surrounding tissue. 例如， intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a series of X-rays of the kidneys, 输尿管, and bladder after the injection of a dye into the veins. The pictures produced can show changes in the shape of these organs.

另一个测试, 动脉造影术, is a series of X-rays of the blood vessels. Dye is injected into a large blood vessel through a catheter. X-rays show the dye as it moves through the network of smaller blood vessels in and around the kidney.

肾癌, 然而, is most commonly detected with either computed tomography (CT) scan, 超声波 or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

• 腹部超音波 声波，叫做 超声波, that cannot be heard by humans, are sent into the abdomen. The waves bounce off the kidneys and a computer uses the echoes to create a picture called a sonogram.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an X-ray machine. This also is called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A 过程 in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body.

治疗

Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the patient's general health and age, 还有其他因素. Our doctors develop a treatment plan to fit each patient's needs.

At 加州大学旧金山分校健康 patients with kidney cancer often are treated by a team of specialists, 包括泌尿科医师, oncologists and 辐射 oncologists. 肾癌 usually is treated with surgery or biological therapy, also called immunotherapy. 十大赌博平台排行榜 may decide to use one treatment method or a combination of methods.

手术

手术 is the most common treatment for kidney cancer. An operation to remove the kidney is called a nephrectomy. 最常, the surgeon removes the whole kidney along with the adrenal gland and the tissue around the kidney. Some lymph nodes in the area also may be removed. 这个过程 is called a radical nephrectomy. Very often, the surgeon is able to remove just the part of the kidney that contains the tumor. 这个过程, called a partial nephrectomy, is best suited for patients with small tumors or tumors on the edge of the kidney.

放射治疗

Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. 十大赌博平台排行榜 sometimes use 辐射 therapy to relieve pain (palliative therapy) when kidney cancer has spread to the bone.

Radiation therapy for kidney cancer involves external 辐射, which comes from radioactive material outside the body. A machine aims the rays at a specific area of the body. 最常, treatment is given on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic five days a week for several weeks. This schedule helps protect normal tissue by spreading out the total dose of 辐射. You don't need to stay in the hospital for 辐射 therapy, and you're not radioactive during or after treatment.

生物治疗

生物治疗, also called immunotherapy, is a form of treatment that uses the body's natural ability or immune system, 对抗癌症. Interleukin-2 and interferon are types of biological therapy used to treat advanced kidney cancer.

Clinical trials continue to examine better ways to use biological therapy while reducing the side effects patients may experience. Many people receiving biological therapy stay in the hospital during treatment so that these side effects can be monitored.

化疗

化疗 is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Although useful in the treatment of many other cancers, chemotherapy has shown only limited effectiveness against kidney cancer. Researchers continue to study new drugs and new drug combinations that may prove to be more useful.

激素疗法

Hormone therapy is used in a small number of patients with advanced kidney cancer. Some kidney cancers may be treated with hormones to try to control the growth of cancer cells. More often, it is used as palliative therapy or therapy to relieve pain.